Central and peripheral oxytocin profiles during milking in ewes / Perfil de ocitocinea central e periférica em ovelhas lactantes

The present work investigated the possible relationship between central and peripheral oxytocin (OT) release during milking in experimental ewes. Ten multiparous ewes were divided into four groups according to milk ejection stimuli: exclusive machine milking (EM), mixed-management milking and suckling, lambs separated during the night and reunited with their mother after morning milking (MMS); mixed-management with manual milking (MMM), and exclusive suckling (ES) lambs also separated during the night. Simultaneous sampling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood was performed during milking. The means, standard deviations, variation coefficients, and minimum and maximum CSF and plasma OT concentrations were the following, respectively: 257.88 ± 265.90 pg/ml, 103.11%, and 11.70 and 1000.00 pg/ml. No statistically significant correlations were found between OT concentrations in the CSF and plasma samples (EM: -0.26; ES: -0.19; MMM: 0.05; MMS: 0.04). The OT concentration in CSF was not influenced by milk ejection stimuli, although plasma OT was higher in the MMM (679.80 ± 25.63) and MMS (591.82 ± 30.56) groups compared with the EM and ES groups. Additionally, plasma OT concentrations were higher in the OME group (381.04 ± 22.09) compared with the AE group (218.82 ± 27.04). In conclusion, no positive correlations were found between central and peripheral OT concentrations during milking and suckling. Plasma OT concentrations differed as a function of milking management and had consequences for both milk ejection and production. Plasma but not CSF oxytocin concentrations were influenced by different milk ejection stimuli.

Foi investigada a possivel relação entre as concentrações de ocitocina no líquido cefalorraquidiano e no soro em diferentes formas de ordenha em ovinos. Foram utilizadas dez ovelhas multiparas, divididas em quatro grupos de acordo com o estímulo para ejeção do leite; ordenha exclusivamente mecânica (EM), ordenha mista mamada com os carneiros separados das mães durante a noite e reunidos a elas pela manhã para amamentação (MMS); ordenha mista com ordenha manual (MMS); apenas amamentação natural (ES). Foram coletadas amostras de fluído cerebroespinhal e de sangue, simultaneamente, durante as ordenhas. A média, o coeficiente de variação e os valores máximos e mínimos de ocitocina do plasma foram respectivamente 257,88 ± 265,90 pg/ml, 103,11%, e 11,70 e 1000,00 pg/ml. Não foram encontradas correlações entre as concentrações centrais e plasmáticas de ocitocina (EM: -0,26; ES: -0,19; MMM: 0,05; MMS: 0,04). Não foi evidenciada influência do tipo de estimulo para ejeção do leite nas concentrações centrais de ocitocina. Entretanto, as concentrações plasmaticas de ocitocina foram maiores nos grupos MMM (679,80 +- 25,63) e MMS (591,82 +- 30,56), quando comparadas às dos grupos EM e ES. Além disso, as concentrações plasmáticas de ocitocina foram maiores no grupo de OME (381,04+-22,09) em relação ao grupo AE (218,82 +-27,04). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que as concentrações plasmáticas de ocitocina são mais sensíveis ao tipo de ordenha que as concentrações centrais deste hormônio.

Cholecystokinin modulation of maternal behavior

Maternal behavior is regulated by several neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and hormones. This mini-review focuses on the role of cholecystokinin (CCK), a neuropeptide and gut hormone best known as a satiety signal, in mediating maternal behavior. In addition to the role of CCK in the infant in mother-infant interactions, maternal CCK appears to also be important. We discuss maternal behavior research, mainly in rats, that has examined the effect of administering CCK to dams, CCK-opioid interactions, and maternal behavior in rats that lack CCK1 receptors. We discuss the possibility that CCK might play a role in neurological adjustments during pregnancy that ultimately influence behavioral adaptations by the offspring during lactation. Finally, we hypothesize that maternal CCK is also involved in maternal memory and reward...

The role of prolactin in prostatic inflammation / O papel da prolactina na inflamação prostática

Several reports have shown that prolactin (PRL) plays a role in prostatic growth, but few studies considered the role of PRL in the process of prostatic inflammation. Young (45 ± 5 days old) and adult (75 ± 5 days old) male Wistar rats were subcutaneously injected daily with domperidone (4.0 mg.kg-1) to maintain high serum PRL levels. The animals were treated for 15, 30, 45 or 60 days. Blood and prostate samples were collected at the end of each treatment for PRL dosage and histological analysis, respectively. Only young animals treated with DOMP for 15 and 30 days displayed inflammatory infiltrate in the prostate. These results confirm literature data in regards to PRL involvement in inducing prostate inflammation. Moreover, it was concluded that young animals are more susceptible then adults to the PRL action concerning prostate inflammation...

A prolactina (PRL) influencia o crescimento prostático, entretanto poucos estudos investigaram o papel da PRL na inflamação prostática. Ratos Wistar jovens (45 ± 5 dias de idade) e adultos (75 ± 5 dias de idade) receberam injeções subcutâneas diárias de domperidona (4,0 mg.kg-1) para manter níveis séricos altos de PRL. Os animais foram tratados por 15, 30, 45 ou 60 dias. Amostras de sangue e próstata foram coletadas ao final dos tratamentos para dosagem de PRL e análise histológica, respectivamente. Apenas os animais jovens tratados com domperidona por 15 e 30 dias apresentaram infiltrado inflamatório na próstata. Esses resultados confirmaram a participação da PRL na indução da inflamação prostática. A conclusão obtida foi que animais jovens são mais susceptíveis à ação da PRL na inflamação da próstata que os adultos...

Dynamics of mother-pup interactions: tradeoff between environment and physiology

The emergence and maintenance of maternal behavior are under the influence of environmental cues such as light and dark periods. This article discusses the characteristic neurobiology of the behavioral patterns of lactating rats. Specifically, the hormonal basis and neurocircuits that determine whether mother rats show typical sequential patterns of behavioral responses are discussed. During lactation, rats express a sequential pattern of behavioral parameters that may be determined by hormonal variations. Sensorial signals emitted by pups, as well as environmental cues, are suggested to serve as conditioned stimuli for these animals. Finally, the expression of maternal behavior is discussed under neuroeconomic and evolutionary perspectives.

Post-partum testosterone administration partially reverses the effects of perinatal cadmium exposure on sexual behavior in rats

This study investigated the effects of perinatal cadmium exposure on sexual behavior, organ weight, and testosterone levels in adult rats. We examined whether immediate postpartum testosterone administration is able to reverse the toxic effects of the metal. Forty pregnant Wistar rats were divided into three groups: 1) control, 2) 10 mg kg-1 cadmium chloride per day, and 3) 20 mg kg-1 cadmium chloride per day. These dams were treated on gestational days 18 and 21 and from lactation 1 to 7. Immediately after birth, half of the offspring from the experimental and control groups received 50 μl (i.p.) of 0.2% testosterone. Male sexual behavior, histological analysis and weight of organs as well as serum testosterone levels were assessed. Results showed that both cadmium doses disrupted sexual behavior in male rats, and postnatal treatment with testosterone reversed the toxic effects of 10 mg kg-1 cadmium and attenuated the effects of 20 mg kg-1 cadmium. Body weight and absolute testis, epididymis, and seminal vesicle weight were decreased by the higher cadmium dose, and testosterone supplementation did not reverse these effects. Serum testosterone levels were unaffected by both cadmium doses. No histological changes were detected in all organs analyzed. Maternal cadmium exposure effects in sexual parameters of male rat offspring were explained by the altered masculinization of the hypothalamus. We suggest that cadmium damaged cerebral sexual differentiation by its actions as an endocrine disruptor and supported by the changes discretely observed from early life during sexual development to adult life, reflected by sexual behavior. Testosterone supplementation after birth reversed some crucial parameters directly related to sexual behavior.

Open field behavior and intra-nucleus accumbens dopamine release in vivo in virgin and lactating rats

In adult female mammals, reproductive experience (e.g., mating, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation) has long-term behavioral, endocrine, and neurochemical implications. This experience causes behavioral and neurochemical changes that involve several brain areas important for the expression of maternal behavior. The present study showed that lactating rats exhibited reduced general locomotor activity in the open field test compared with virgin animals. Our hypothesis was that nucleus accumbens dopamine, which regulates maternal behavior in lactating rats, is also involved in the low expression of maternal locomotion in the open field test observed during the early stages of lactation and reflects decreased motivation. Initially we compared open field behavior in virgin and lactating rats to confirm our previous data. Thus, the in vivo release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens in virgin and lactating female rats was measured. Perfusate concentrations of extracellular dopamine and its metabolites showed no differences between virgin and lactating rats. Thus, the reduced general activity observed in lactating rats might not be related to intra-nucleus accumbens dopamine control.

Modulation of post-coital dopaminergic tone by prior parity

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of reproductive experience on dopaminergic profile in three different brain tissues, hypothalamus, striatum and cortex in rats on 7th-8th day of pregnancy during the light-dark shift (between 1700-1900h). Results showed that in hypothalamus, dopamine levels increased and DOPAC/DA decreased as a function of parity. In cortex, no differences were observed. In striata, the haloperidol-induced HVA and HVA/DA increases were less intense in experienced animals. These findings suggested that reproductive experience produced functional central changes during pregnancy, with different neurochemical responses depending on the brain region.

A dopamina age nos níveis endócrino, neuroquímico e comportamental. A experiência reprodutiva modula alguns destes aspectos: a dopamina está aumentada no estriato e no hipotálamo de ratas muiltigrávidas entre 12:00-14:00 horas. A sensibilidade dos terminais dopaminérgicos também parece ser modulada por uma experiência reprodutiva prévia. Nosso objetivo foi o de investigar os possíveis efeitos da experiência reprodutiva no perfil dopaminérgico de três diferentes tecidos cerebrais, hipotálamo, estriato e córtex em ratas no 7º-8º dia de gestação durante a fase de virada do ciclo claro-escuro (entre 17:00-19:00h). Nossos resultados mostraram que os níveis dopaminérgicos no hipotálamo aumentaram e o índice DOPAC/DA diminuiu em multigrávidas quando comparadas às primigrávidas. No córtex, nenhuma diferença foi encontrada. No estriato, o aumento de HVA e HVA/DA induzidos pelo haloperidol foi menos intenso nos animais experientes. Nossos resultados sugerem que a experiência reprodutiva produz alterações funcionais centrais durante a gestação, com diferentes respostas neuroquímicas de acordo com a região cerebral.

Effects of prolactin on in vivo striatal monoaminergic activity are modulated by a previous reproductive experience

Central prolactin (PRL) modulates neuronal activity, which is physiologically relevant and behaviorally meaningful. The stimulatoryor inhibitory behavioral effects of exogenous PRL are strongly associated with dose and time of treatment. Central PRL injections produce a dual modulation of striatal dopaminergic responses in males. The activity of the striatal monoaminergic system can be modulated by a previous reproductive experience in females. The objective of the present study was to test in vivo the acute and 5 day treatment effects of central PRL injections on the striatal dopaminergic and serotoninergic terminals activity in age-matched nulliparous and primiparous females. Seven primiparous and 6 nulliparous rats were stereotaxically implanted with guide cannulas into the lateral ventricle and into the contralateral striatum. Five daily intracerebroventricular injections of ovine prolactin (oPRL;10 mg/5 ml) were performed.On days 1 and 5, females were submitted to striatal microdialysis sessions. The concentrations of dopamine and serotonin metabolites in the dialysate were measured by HPLC-ED. Acute oPRL injection induced a decrease in extracellular levels only for HVA concentrations which was more intense in primiparous than in nulliparous dams. DOPAC concentrations were increased by PRL injection in primiparous compared to nulliparous dams on day 5. On this day DOPAC, HVAand 5HIAA primiparous baseline dialysate concentrations were significantly higher than in nulliparous animals. These data suggest that reproductive experience can modulate in vivo striatal dopaminergic responses to PRL and reveal a relation between striatal dopaminergic and serotoninergic responses that is suggestive of a similar PRLmodulation of both neurotransmitter terminals.

A prolactina (PRL) tem efeito modulatório sobre a atividade neuronalno sistema nervoso central, fato este relevante do ponto de vista fisiológico e comportamental. Os efeitos estimulatórios e inibitórios da PRL exógena estão fortemente relacionados com a dose e o tempo de tratamento. A injeção de PRL diretamente no sistema nervoso central pode levar a modulação da atividade dopaminérgica tanto aguda como prolongadamente, como já foi observado anteriormente em ratos. Por outro lado, esse sistema de neurotransmissão também pode ser modificado por uma experiência reprodutiva anterior em ratas. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo é verificar in vivo o efeitode uma única injeção de PRL ou injeções repetidas sobre a atividade dos terminais dopaminérgicos e serotoninérgicos em fêmeas nulíparase primíparas da mesma idade. Para tanto, 7 ratas primíparas e 6 nulíparas foram submetidas a cirurgias estereotáxicas para aimplantação de cânulas-guia para injeção intra cerebroventricular (i.c.v.)no ventrículo lateral e para microdiálise no corpo estriado contralateral .Após o período de recuperação pós-cirúrgico, as ratas foram submetidas a injeções i.c.v. durante 5 dias consecutivos com PRL ovina (oPRL; 10 mg/ 5 ml). Nos dias 1 e 5, as fêmeas foram também submetidas a sessões de microdiálise que se iniciavam antes da injeção i.c.v.. As concentrações de dopamina, serotonina e seus respectivos metabólitos foram quantificadas nos dialisatos coletados a cada 20 min por meio de HPLC-ED. A injeção aguda de oPRL induziu uma diminuição nas concentrações extracelulares de HVA de maneira mais intensa em fêmeas primíparas comparadas as nulíparas. As concentrações de DOPAC estavam aumentadas no dia 5 após as injeções consecutivas de oPRL no grupo de primíparas comparadas às nulíparas. No dia 5, as concentrações basais de DOPAC, HVA e5HIAA em primíparas foram significantemente maiores do que em nulíparas. Estes resultados são sugestivos que...

Sobre o uso prolongado e perinatal de drogas / Long-term and perinatal use of drugs

Inicialmente é discutida a plasticidade neuronal em animais adultos, citando-se exemplos de super e subsensibilidade do sistema nervoso central provocadas pela açäo de drogas. E também discutida a possibilidade de ocorrência de fenômenos deste tipo em filhotes de mäes tratadas com estas drogas. Finalmente os autores discutem os atuais conceitos do que venha a ser teratologia

Long-term bromopride treatment induces morphological changes in female rats

There were morphologicaly examined the ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes and mammary glandss of adult female rats, that were Long-term treated with bromopride. Large corpus Luteum, uterus in a secretory stage and hipertrophiated mammary gland marked morphological changes were correlated to the neuroendocrinal effects of the drug, considering what it is able to black tuberoinfundibular dopamine (DA) receptors Leading to an increase in prolactin Levels